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The unitary conformal field theory behind 2D Asymptotic Safety
Andreas Nink,Martin Reuter
Physics , 2015,
Abstract: Being interested in the compatibility of Asymptotic Safety with Hilbert space positivity (unitarity), we consider a local truncation of the functional RG flow which describes quantum gravity in $d>2$ dimensions and construct its limit of exactly two dimensions. We find that in this limit the flow displays a nontrivial fixed point whose effective average action is a non-local functional of the metric. Its pure gravity sector is shown to correspond to a unitary conformal field theory with positive central charge $c=25$. Representing the fixed point CFT by a Liouville theory in the conformal gauge, we investigate its general properties and their implications for the Asymptotic Safety program. In particular, we discuss its field parametrization dependence and argue that there might exist more than one universality class of metric gravity theories in two dimensions. Furthermore, studying the gravitational dressing in 2D asymptotically safe gravity coupled to conformal matter we uncover a mechanism which leads to a complete quenching of the a priori expected Knizhnik-Polyakov-Zamolodchikov (KPZ) scaling. A possible connection of this prediction to Monte Carlo results obtained in the discrete approach to 2D quantum gravity based upon causal dynamical triangulations is mentioned. Similarities of the fixed point theory to, and differences from, non-critical string theory are also described. On the technical side, we provide a detailed analysis of an intriguing connection between the Einstein-Hilbert action in $d>2$ dimensions and Polyakov's induced gravity action in two dimensions.
On quantum gravity, Asymptotic Safety, and paramagnetic dominance
Andreas Nink,Martin Reuter
Physics , 2012, DOI: 10.1142/S0218271813300085
Abstract: We discuss the conceptual ideas underlying the Asymptotic Safety approach to the nonperturbative renormalization of gravity. By now numerous functional renormalization group studies predict the existence of a suitable nontrivial ultraviolet fixed point. We use an analogy to elementary magnetic systems to uncover the physical mechanism behind the emergence of this fixed point. It is seen to result from the dominance of certain paramagnetic-type interactions over diamagnetic ones. Furthermore, the spacetimes of Quantum Einstein Gravity behave like a polarizable medium with a "paramagnetic" response to external perturbations. Similarities with the vacuum state of Yang-Mills theory are pointed out.
On the physical mechanism underlying Asymptotic Safety
Andreas Nink,Martin Reuter
Physics , 2012, DOI: 10.1007/JHEP01(2013)062
Abstract: We identify a simple physical mechanism which is at the heart of Asymptotic Safety in Quantum Einstein Gravity (QEG) according to all available effective average action-based investigations. Upon linearization the gravitational field equations give rise to an inverse propagator for metric fluctuations comprising two pieces: a covariant Laplacian and a curvature dependent potential term. By analogy with elementary magnetic systems they lead to, respectively, dia- and paramagnetic-type interactions of the metric fluctuations with the background gravitational field. We show that above 3 spacetime dimensions the gravitational antiscreening occurring in QEG is entirely due to a strong dominance of the ultralocal paramagnetic interactions over the diamagnetic ones that favor screening. (Below 3 dimensions both the dia- and paramagnetic effects support antiscreening.) The spacetimes of QEG are interpreted as a polarizable medium with a "paramagnetic" response to external perturbations, and similarities with the vacuum state of Yang-Mills theory are pointed out. As a by-product, we resolve a longstanding puzzle concerning the beta function of Newton's constant in 2+{\epsilon} dimensional gravity.
Simulations of Long-Term Community Dynamics in Coral Reefs - How Perturbations Shape Trajectories
Andreas Kubicek ,Christopher Muhando,Hauke Reuter
PLOS Computational Biology , 2012, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002791
Abstract: Tropical coral reefs feature extraordinary biodiversity and high productivity rates in oligotrophic waters. Due to increasing frequencies of perturbations – anthropogenic and natural – many reefs are under threat. Such perturbations often have devastating effects on these unique ecosystems and especially if they occur simultaneously and amplify each other's impact, they might trigger a phase shift and create irreversible conditions. We developed a generic, spatially explicit, individual-based model in which competition drives the dynamics of a virtual benthic reef community – comprised of scleractinian corals and algae – under different environmental settings. Higher system properties, like population dynamics or community composition arise through self-organization as emergent properties. The model was parameterized for a typical coral reef site at Zanzibar, Tanzania and features coral bleaching and physical disturbance regimes as major sources of perturbations. Our results show that various types and modes (intensities and frequencies) of perturbations create diverse outcomes and that the switch from high diversity to single species dominance can be evoked by small changes in a key parameter. Here we extend the understanding of coral reef resilience and the identification of key processes, drivers and respective thresholds, responsible for changes in local situations. One future goal is to provide a tool which may aid decision making processes in management of coral reefs.
Characterization of the human endogenous retrovirus K Gag protein: identification of protease cleavage sites
Benjamin Kraus, Klaus Boller, Andreas Reuter, Barbara S Schnierle
Retrovirology , 2011, DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-21
Abstract: We generated a recombinant poxvirus, encoding the human endogenous retrovirus K consensus gag-pro-pol genes (MVA-HERV-Kcon) and obtained high levels of HERV-K Gag expression. The resulting retroviral particle assembled at the plasma membrane, as is typical for gammaretroviruses; and immature as well as mature retrovirus-like particles (VLPs) were observed around the infected cells. VLPs were purified, concentrated and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The HERV-K Gag fragments were identified by mass spectroscopy and N-terminal sequencing which revealed that HERV-K Gag is processed into MA, a short spacer peptide, p15, CA and NC.The cleavage sites of HERV-K Gag were mapped and found to be highly conserved among HERV-K genomes. The consensus HERV-K gag gene used in this study is known to support viral, infectivity [1], and thus the cleavage sites that were mapped in this study for all the Gag components are relevant for HERV-K infectivity.Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are relics of evolutionary ancient viral infection events which involved insertion into the germ line and are now transmitted vertically. These retroviral genomes are chromosomally integrated in all nucleated cells of an individual and their sequences, including solitary LTRs, comprise about 8% of the human genome. HERVs are classified by the single letter amino acid code for the tRNA specific to the primer-binding site (PBS) used to initiate reverse transcription. At present, 11 distantly related HERV groups with a tRNA lysine (K) PBS exist (reviewed in [2]). One of these, the HERV-K/HML-2(hom) group is the only known endogenous retrovirus group encoding all structural and enzymatic proteins (proteins encoding the viral core [Gag], UTPase/protease [PR], polymerase [Pol], RNaseH, integrase [Int]), and envelope [Env]) and the accessory protein Rec with functional similarity to the HIV Rev protein [3]. In general, HERV-K gene expression is repressed in somatic cells; however, reacti
Magneto-capacitance probing of the many-particle states in InAs dots
Oliver S. Wibbelhoff,Axel Lorke,Dirk Reuter,Andreas D. Wieck
Physics , 2004, DOI: 10.1063/1.1872219
Abstract: We use frequency-dependent capacitance-voltage spectroscopy to measure the tunneling probability into self-assembled InAs quantum dots. Using an in-plane magnetic field of variable strength and orientation, we are able to obtain information on the quasi-particle wave functions in momentum space for 1 to 6 electrons per dot. For the lowest two energy states, we find a good agreement with Gaussian functions for a harmonic potential. The high energy orbitals exhibit signatures of anisotropic confinement and correlation effects.
Edge induced magneto plasmon excitation in a two-dimensional electron gas under quantum Hall conditions
Christian Notthoff,Dirk Reuter,Andreas Wieck,Axel Lorke
Physics , 2011, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.84.035311
Abstract: The spectrally resolved Terahertz photoconductivity between two separately contacted edge-channels of a two-dimensional electron gas in the quantum Hall regime is investigated. We use a not-simply-connected sample geometry which is topologically equivalent to a Corbino disc. Due to the high sensitivity of our novel sample structure, a weak resonance situated on the high energy side of the well known cyclotron resonance is revealed. The magnetic field as well as the carrier density dependence of this weak resonance, in comparison with different models suggests that the additional resonance is an edge induced magneto plasmon, which has so far not been observed in semiconductors.
Synthesis of 5-Hydroxyectoine from Ectoine: Crystal Structure of the Non-Heme Iron(II) and 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase EctD
Klaus Reuter,Marco Pittelkow,Jan Bursy,Andreas Heine,Tobias Craan,Erhard Bremer
PLOS ONE , 2012, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010647
Abstract: As a response to high osmolality, many microorganisms synthesize various types of compatible solutes. These organic osmolytes aid in offsetting the detrimental effects of low water activity on cell physiology. One of these compatible solutes is ectoine. A sub-group of the ectoine producer's enzymatically convert this tetrahydropyrimidine into a hydroxylated derivative, 5-hydroxyectoine. This compound also functions as an effective osmostress protectant and compatible solute but it possesses properties that differ in several aspects from those of ectoine. The enzyme responsible for ectoine hydroxylation (EctD) is a member of the non-heme iron(II)-containing and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (EC 1.14.11). These enzymes couple the decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate with the formation of a high-energy ferryl-oxo intermediate to catalyze the oxidation of the bound organic substrate. We report here the crystal structure of the ectoine hydroxylase EctD from the moderate halophile Virgibacillus salexigens in complex with Fe3+ at a resolution of 1.85 ？. Like other non-heme iron(II) and 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenases, the core of the EctD structure consists of a double-stranded β-helix forming the main portion of the active-site of the enzyme. The positioning of the iron ligand in the active-site of EctD is mediated by an evolutionarily conserved 2-His-1-carboxylate iron-binding motif. The side chains of the three residues forming this iron-binding site protrude into a deep cavity in the EctD structure that also harbours the 2-oxoglutarate co-substrate-binding site. Database searches revealed a widespread occurrence of EctD-type proteins in members of the Bacteria but only in a single representative of the Archaea, the marine crenarchaeon Nitrosopumilus maritimus. The EctD crystal structure reported here can serve as a template to guide further biochemical and structural studies of this biotechnologically interesting enzyme family.
Avian Bornaviruses Escape Recognition by the Innate Immune System
Antje Reuter,Andreas Ackermann,Sonja Kothlow,Monika Rinder,Bernd Kaspers,Peter Staeheli
Viruses , 2010, DOI: 10.3390/v2040927
Abstract: Like other pathogens that readily persist in animal hosts, members of the Bornaviridae family have evolved effective mechanisms to evade the innate immune response. The prototype of this virus family, Borna disease virus employs an unusual replication strategy that removes the triphosphates from the 5’ termini of the viral RNA genome. This strategy allows the virus to avoid activation of RIG-I and other innate immune response receptors in infected cells. Here we determined whether the newly discovered avian bornaviruses (ABV) might use a similar strategy to evade the interferon response. We found that de novo infection of QM7 and CEC32 quail cells with two different ABV strains was efficiently inhibited by exogenous chicken IFN-α. IFN-α also reduced the viral load in QM7 and CEC32 cells persistently infected with both ABV strains, suggesting that ABV is highly sensitive to type I IFN. Although quail cells persistently infected with ABV contained high levels of viral RNA, the supernatants of infected cultures did not contain detectable levels of biologically active type I IFN. RNA from cells infected with ABV failed to induce IFN-β synthesis if transfected into human cells. Furthermore, genomic RNA of ABV was susceptible to 5’-monophosphate-specific RNase, suggesting that it lacks 5’-triphospates like BDV. These results indicate that bornaviruses of mammals and birds use similar strategies to evade the host immune response.
Peroxiredoxin 6 promotes upregulation of the prion protein (PrP) in neuronal cells of prion-infected mice
Wibke Wagner, Andreas Reuter, Petra Hüller, Johannes L？wer, Silja Wessler
Cell Communication and Signaling , 2012, DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-10-38
Abstract: Apolipoprotein E and peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) were identified as upregulated proteins in brains of scrapie-infected mice and cultured neuronal cell lines. Downregulation of PrP gene expression using specific siRNA did not result in a decrease of PRDX6 amounts. Interestingly, selective siRNA targeting PRDX6 or overexpression of PRDX6 controlled PrPC and PrPSc protein amounts in neuronal cells.Besides its possible function as a novel marker protein in the diagnosis of TSEs, PDRX6 represents an attractive target molecule in putative pharmacological intervention strategies in the future.Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders, which include scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, and Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans [1]. The molecular hallmark of these disorders is a structural conversion in folding of the normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) into a disease-associated, protease-resistant isoform (PrPSc) [2]. Neuropathological characteristics of these diseases include neuronal loss, vacuolar degeneration, astrogliosis and amyloid plaque formation caused by accumulation of PrPSc[3]. However, the mechanism whereby PrPC？→？PrPSc conversion triggers cellular neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration is not well understood.PrPC is a multifunctional plasma membrane glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein on a wide range of different cell types where it is involved in adhesion, signal transduction, differentiation, survival or stress protection [4-6]. Obviously, neurodegenerative disorders interconnect several cellular signal transduction pathways to cause oxidative stress in the brain, including increased oxidative damage, impaired mitochondrial function, defects of the proteasome system, the presence of aggregated proteins, and many more [7]. There are a number of cellular antioxidant defenses to convert reactive oxygen species (ROS) into unreactive compounds, e.g. superoxide dismutase (SO
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